My current research project focuses on the development of an advanced co-simulation platform designed to investigate human behaviour within shared transportation environments. The system is being developed using Unity and the Mirror networking framework, enabling multiple users to interact simultaneously within the same virtual scenario and experience realistic traffic situations in real time.
The project aims to move beyond traditional single-user driving simulation by creating a collaborative virtual environment where drivers, riders, pedestrians, and other road users can coexist and influence one another's behaviour. Through the integration of immersive simulation technologies, networking architectures, and real-time data acquisition systems, the platform allows the study of complex interactions that characterize modern transportation systems.
A key objective of the project is to analyse how individual decisions are affected by the presence and behaviour of other users, enabling the investigation of traffic dynamics, risk perception, cooperation, conflict generation, and safety-critical events under controlled experimental conditions. The platform also supports the integration of virtual reality devices, advanced human-machine interfaces, and intelligent transportation technologies, creating a flexible environment for the assessment of emerging mobility solutions.
This research represents the convergence of transportation engineering, behavioural sciences, digital simulation, and networked virtual environments. By combining co-simulation, immersive technologies, and data-driven analysis, the project seeks to provide innovative tools for the design, evaluation, and validation of safer and more efficient transportation systems.
The long-term vision is to establish a scalable experimental framework capable of supporting multidisciplinary research on road safety, intelligent mobility, connected infrastructures, and future human-centred transportation ecosystems.
Virtual Reality Simualtor
Development of a car driving simulation platform focused on the study of driver behaviour, human factors, and transportation safety. The simulator allows the recreation of controlled and repeatable experimental scenarios in which driving performance, decision-making processes, and interaction mechanisms between users, vehicles, and infrastructure systems can be analysed through immersive and data-driven methodologies.
Development of an immersive motorcycle riding simulator designed for the analysis of rider behaviour, risk perception, and interaction dynamics within complex traffic scenarios. The simulator integrates physical riding controls with virtual environments developed through advanced simulation technologies, enabling the investigation of behavioural responses under different road safety conditions, including interactions with vulnerable road users and critical traffic situations.
Development of an immersive pedestrian simulation platform aimed at analysing pedestrian behaviour, crossing decision-making processes, and interaction dynamics within urban traffic environments. The simulator enables the study of user perception, gap acceptance behaviour, and safety-related responses under controlled and repeatable experimental conditions. By integrating virtual reality technologies, behavioural data collection, and realistic traffic scenarios, the platform supports the investigation of interactions between pedestrians, vehicles, and surrounding infrastructure systems within highly immersive environments.
Development of a co-simulation architecture (Calvi et al., 2025) based on synchronized virtual environments in which multiple users and intelligent agents can interact simultaneously. This platform enables the study of complex mobility dynamics, mutual interference processes, and behavioural interactions between different categories of road users within immersive and high-fidelity simulation ecosystems. The system integrates virtual reality technologies, network synchronization, behavioural data acquisition, and real-time interaction modelling.
Publications
Calvi, A., D’Amico, F., Vennarucci, A. (2025). A Novel Co-Simulation Platform for Driving Performance Evaluation of Various Road Users. Transportation Research Procedia, 90, 710-717 [10.1016/j.trpro.2025.06.088].